At the same time, cyber risks have expanded well beyond traditional network perimeters. State-sponsored attacks, industrialized cybercrime, ransomware, and supply-chain compromises are rising, with artificial intelligence identified as the fastest-growing source of new vulnerabilities. Rapid digitalization, cloud adoption, and emerging technologies such as AI and quantum computing continue to widen the attack surface faster than organizations can close security gaps. Fragmented global regulations add another layer of complexity, requiring stronger governance and clearer accountability at the executive level.